Ectopic pregnancy is the condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. The site of implantation can be fallopian tubes, ovaries, abdominal cavities, or other organs. Tubal pregnancy (fetus in fallopian tube) is the most common ectopic pregnancy type.

Although it gets implanted, a fertilized egg cannot normally develop outside the uterus. In rare and severe cases, ectopic pregnancy may result in life-threatening complications, and thus it’s mandatory to remove the ectopic tissues as early as possible. Depending on how far along you have been in your pregnancy when the doctor has diagnosed extrauterine pregnancy and its associated, a gynecologist or an obstetrician-gynecologist may use medicines, abdominal surgery, or D&C or laparoscopic method to terminate the pregnancy.

Uterine fibroids also known as leiomyoma/myoma are the most common tumors of the uterus. They are non-cancerous growths in the uterus that often appear during the reproductive years. Fibroids can differ in size, shape, and location. They can develop in the uterine wall, or on its surface. Initially, uterine fibroids generally cause minimal pain and do not show any signs or symptoms. Uterine fibroids treatment options include fibroid medication and surgical treatment. Best suited uterine fibroids treatment for you depends on the severity of the condition, the number, and the size of fibroids.

Endometriosis is a health problem that affects the female reproductive system. It happens when tissue that is similar to the lining inside the uterus (called the endometrium) starts growing outside the uterus. This tissue may grow on:

• The ovaries
• The fallopian tubes
• The outer surface of the uterus
• The walls of the pelvis
• The bladder or bowel

This tissue acts just like the lining of the uterus. It thickens, breaks down, and bleeds every month during the period. But since it is not inside the uterus, the blood has no way to leave the body. This causes:

• Swelling
• Inflammation (redness and irritation)
• Pain
• The formation of scar tissue is also called adhesions.

These scars can stick organs together and cause serious pain and problems, especially during periods or when trying to get pregnant.

Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and the attached cervix. Uterus removal is a common treatment option considered for several medical conditions that affect the woman’s reproductive organs. These medical conditions include fibroids, cysts, endometriosis, pelvic pain, adenomyosis, uterine prolapse, cancer of the uterus or ovaries, etc.

After a hysterectomy, a woman will not be able to get pregnant or menstruate. Some procedures involve the removal of both ovaries and the uterus. Depending on the cause for undergoing the surgery, the hysterectomy operation may involve the removal of surrounding tissues and organs, like, fallopian tubes(salpingectomy) and ovaries(oophorectomy).

Piles, commonly known as hemorrhoids, are swollen blood vessels inside or surrounding the rectum. Piles are uncomfortable, itchy, and sometimes even cause bleeding. If these symptoms don’t go away after a week of at-home treatment, or if there is persistent rectal bleeding, it’s best to get medical help.

Even though the initial stages of piles can be treated through home remedies, medicines, creams or ointments, there are a number of treatment options that can help address the symptoms in later stages. Surgery may be the best course of action in severe situations.

An anal fistula is an abnormal connection or tunnel that forms between the anal canal (the end portion of the digestive tract) and the skin around the anus. It typically develops as a result of an infection or an abscess (a collection of pus) in the anal glands, which are small glands located near the anus.

Anal fistulas can cause various symptoms, including persistent pain and discomfort around the anus, swelling, redness, tenderness, and the presence of discharge or pus. Other symptoms may include itching, fever, and general malaise.

An anal fissure is a tiny yet painful tear in the skin lining the anal canal. Due to the presence of multiple nerve endings in the region, even minor injuries are extremely sensitive. Most of the fissures form in the posterior midline of the anus. The blood flow is slightly lower in this area, which slows down the healing process in some cases.

Acute fissures and chronic fissures are the two main types of anal fissures. Acute anal fissures are fresh tears that usually heal in a few weeks with little care. Chronic fissures, on the other hand, can form a noticeable skin tag or small lump around the tear, called a sentinel pile, if they persist for longer than six weeks. These longer-lasting fissures may also involve muscle spasm in the anal sphincter, further limiting the blood flow and slowing recovery.

Sedentary habits, high-fat diets, and obesity increase gallstone risk. Most people remain symptom-free. But complications like cholecystitis may require surgery. Laser surgery gives a quick, effective recovery. Other benefits include shorter hospital stays and better long-term results.

Kidney stone laser treatment, also known as lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy, is a minimally invasive procedure used to break down kidney stones into smaller fragments. The broken pieces are then easily passed out of the body through urine.

During kidney stone laser treatment, a specialized instrument called a ureteroscope is inserted into the urinary tract. Then, a laser fiber is passed through the ureteroscope to deliver focused energy to the stone, breaking it into tiny pieces. These small pieces are then expelled from the body, usually without the need for surgery. Kidney stone treatment is preferred for its effectiveness and comparatively lesser risks than traditional surgical approaches.

No external incisions are involved in kidney stone laser surgery. This reduces the risk of complications and infections. Urologists highly seek laser treatment due to its precision which allows for targeted treatment of even large or hard-to-reach kidney stones.

A hernia happens when an organ or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall. This causes a bulge. The bulge may get bigger when you cough, lift heavy things, or stand for a long time.

Hernias are not always painful in the beginning. If left untreated, these can lead to serious complications. That’s why timely diagnosis and treatment are important.

Prostate enlargement, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common urological condition among older men. It occurs when the prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra, grows and puts pressure on the bladder and urethra. This can lead to various urinary symptoms, such as frequent urination, difficulty starting or stopping urination, weak urine flow, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying.

While an enlarged prostate is not a life-threatening condition, it can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. In BPH, surgical intervention is necessary, however, medications and home remedies can relieve pain and discomfort associated with the enlarged prostate.

A pilonidal sinus (PNS) is a small cyst or tunnel that develops at the top of the buttocks, close to the tailbone. It usually appears when dead skin, hair, and debris get trapped in the skin, causing inflammation and infection. Young adults and people with a lot of body hair are more likely to develop this medical condition. A pilonidal cyst can cause pain, swelling, and the development of pus-filled abscesses if left untreated. Surgery is necessary to avoid complications in recurrent cases.

Gynecomastia is commonly referred to as male breast enlargement. It can be treated effectively on the basis of the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

A varicocele is an abnormal swelling of the testicular veins. It happens due to defective venous valves. These faulty valves cause poor blood drainage from the testicles. As a result, blood flows backwards, creating venous reflux. This increases scrotal temperature and oxidative stress. Over time, it can harm sperm production and function.

Prevalence: Among infertile men, the prevalence of varicocele is around 35%. Overall, 10-15% of adult men suffer from varicocele.

Laterality: About 80% of varicoceles occur on the left side. This happens because of the vein’s anatomical drainage pattern. Varicocele can affect

An umbilical hernia occurs when a portion of the intestine protrudes through the abdominal muscles near the navel. It is often visible as a bulge and may cause discomfort, but it is common and typically harmless. An umbilical hernia generally develops when the muscles near the belly button don’t close properly, allowing a small amount of abdominal tissue to push through. While they can occur in adults, they are more common in infants.

In many circumstances, particularly in infants, umbilical hernias close on their own as the abdominal muscles strengthen. However, if the hernia persists or causes pain, surgery may be suggested to repair it. If you suspect an umbilical hernia, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance

An inguinal hernia is a condition where a portion of the intestine or other abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall in the groin region. This can result in a visible lump or bulge, which can be painful, mainly when you cough, bend over, or lift a heavy object. Inguinal hernias are more common in males and may need surgical repair to prevent complications. If you suspect you have an inguinal hernia, it is essential to seek medical attention for the right diagnosis and Inguinal Hernia Surgery.

A surgical abortion is a medical procedure that ends a pregnancy. A surgical abortion removes the pregnancy (the contents of the fetus in the uterus) through surgery. A surgical abortion is a good option for anyone who wants to terminate the pregnancy is a safe clinical or hospital setting. Surgical abortions remove the fetus and placenta from the mother’s womb.

A surgical abortion, also known as ‘suction aspiration abortion’ is a one day procedure, done at a clinic or hospital, under local anesthesia. Surgical abortion is a viable treatment for women who are long way into their pregnancy or for those whose pregnancy cannot be terminated by abortion pills. The MTP Law in India permits abortion through surgery only till 24th week of pregnancy.

Medical termination of pregnancy or medical abortion is a procedure to terminate or end a pregnancy using medicines. Medical abortion involves two different medications instead or surgery to end a pregnancy. Pregnancy requires a very high level of progesterone hormone. The medicines involved in this procedure black the action of progesterone and stop the pregnancy from progressing further. A medical abortion can be carried out as soon a pregnancy is detected and carried out until the 8th or 9th week of pregnancy.

Abortion is a low-risk, non-invasive method to terminate a pregnancy that is effective almost in 99 percent of pregnancy cases. According to a report published by Science Direct, 3,90,928 MTP were reported in India (April 2018–March 2019), giving an estimated abortion (spontaneous + MTP) rate of 2.84 per 1000 women of reproductive years (15–49 years).

Laser circumcision is one of the most advanced circumcision procedures. During the procedure, the surgeon cuts off the foreskin using a high-energy laser beam. Since a laser is used to create the incision, there is little to no bleeding, and the wound edges are clean. It also completely preserves the surrounding tissues and is best for tissue conservation.

The surgery only takes 10-15 minutes and has a much shorter recovery time compared to other circumcision procedures. Laser circumcision is also preferred over other procedures as there is very little postoperative pain or discomfort associated with it.

Hymenoplasty, or Hymenorrhaphy, is commonly known as a ‘hymen repair surgery.’ It’s a surgical procedure aimed at restoring a torn hymen. This cosmetic procedure repairs a broken or perforated hymen and is often considered by women for ‘revirginization.’ A hymen is a thin, pinkish membrane present in the lower part of the vagina.

A broken hymen is linked to loss of virginity in women, or in simple words, indicates that she has had sex, which caused the perforation or tear. But, it is just a misconception. A hymen can be torn or perforated due to several reasons, including heavy workouts, participating in sports, etc. In addition, research says that 1 in 1,000 girls are born with a naturally open hymen or imperforate hymen.

Several women opt for this procedure every year to combat the social stigma associated with losing virginity before marriage or simply to feel like a ‘virgin’ again. In fact, in India, the demand for this procedure has grown by 20 to 30 percent in recent years. A hymenoplasty involves suturing back a broken hymen to create a new hymen for a woman or, in simple words, help her revirginize herself.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is India’s most common assisted reproductive technique. Approximately 2-2.5 lakh IVF cycles are performed annually in India alone. IVF involves fertilizing the eggs with sperm in a vitro dish at a laboratory in a carefully observed environment. This method of assisted reproduction has helped several couples globally to conceive when other treatments have not been successful. It is suitable for various fertility issues such as damaged or blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, low sperm count, and more.

IVF technology is safe and improves the chances of achieving pregnancy. It offers hope and support to individuals or couples who desire to have a child but are facing difficulties in doing so. Moreover, IVF offers opportunities for single women to experience the joy of parenthood by using donated eggs or sperm. It’s a successful procedure with minimal complications which is precisely why its demand has boomed in recent years.

Infertility issues impact several individuals and couples each year, making it difficult for them to live their dream of experiencing parenthood. Several treatments are now available for couples and individuals who wish to conceive, out of which Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) is considered a popular and reliable solution. This infertility treatment involves a direct transfer of sperm into the female partner’s uterus. When a couple tries to conceive through intercourse, only a few sperm actually reach the egg. The number of sperm that will reach the egg depends on several factors, including the reproductive health of both the male and the female partner. Therefore, in an IUI procedure, fertility specialists derive some healthy sperm and directly place them into the uterus to facilitate fertilization. This simplifies the process and helps couples and individuals have biological children.

The IUI procedure is considered one of the most effective and reliable infertility treatments available presently, which is also less invasive than its counterparts, such as In Vitro Fertilization or IVF.

IUI has an impressive success rate of almost 80% within 3 to 6 cycles in suitable patients.

Lipomas are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that are made up of fat cells. These fatty lumps are located just below the skin and are usually soft, movable, and minimal pain. A lipoma can occur anywhere on the body where fat cells are present, but they are most commonly found on the neck, shoulders, back, arms, and thighs.

The exact cause of lipomas is still unknown, but they are thought to have a genetic component and may be more common in individuals with a family history of lipomas. They can also be associated with certain medical conditions such as adiposis dolorosa and Gardner’s syndrome.

Most lipomas do not require treatment unless they are causing discomfort, interfering with movement, or affecting a person’s self-esteem. However, if necessary, lipomas can be removed through certain medications and surgical procedures, such as excision, liposuction, and minimally invasive techniques.

Laser treatment for varicose veins, known as endovenous laser therapy (EVLT), offers a minimally invasive option to alleviate the discomfort and appearance of varicose veins. This procedure is typically performed by a vascular surgeon or a specialist in venous disorders.

While the patient is under anesthesia, a surgeon inserts a thin laser fiber into the affected enlarged vein. The doctor directs targeted laser energy that heats and closes off the vein, making it collapse and eventually diminish completely

The necessity of this treatment arises from its benefits, which include reduced pain, minimal scarring, and a swift recovery period, allowing patients to return to normal activities promptly. The procedure is highly favored for its effectiveness in improving venous health and overall quality of life.

A diabetic foot ulcer is a medical condition in which the patient suffering from diabetes develops wounds in the foot which further grows to be an ulcer due to lack of proper blood circulation in the affected area. When a person with diabetes develops a foot injury, such as a blister, cut, or sore, they may not be aware of it due to the loss of sensation. The injury can go unnoticed and untreated, leading to the formation of a diabetic foot ulcer. If left untreated, diabetic foot ulcers can become infected and may lead to serious complications, such as skin infection, bone infection, or tissue death.

Stapler circumcision is a minimally invasive procedure that is used for safe, quick and efficient removal of the penile foreskin. The procedure is performed using a circumcision stapler (also called anastomat), an instrument specially designed for circumcision.

During the surgery, the stapler is fitted over the penis, and once fired, it removes the foreskin in one quick motion and closes the incision using a silicone ring/nonbioabsorbable staples. Since the amount of foreskin to be removed is predetermined in the procedure, it is extremely safe and provides the desired results for both the patient and the surgeon.

Vaginoplasty is a genitoplasty procedure to repair or reconstruct the vagina. Also known as colporrhaphy, this procedure is either performed for cosmetic reasons i.e., for the aesthetic enhancement of the vagina, or to correct functional disorders such as genital disorders caused due to childbirth, pelvic floor disease, or a vaginal injury. It is also performed to create a transgender vagina for gender affirmation.

It is known that a woman’s vagina tends to lose its shape and tightness over the years. A vaginoplasty procedure also helps restore and improve the laxity of the vagina, which has become loose due to factors such as vaginal births, accidental trauma, aging, and so on. This surgery helps tighten the walls of the vagina, treat vaginal looseness, and solve multiple pelvic conditions caused by a loose vagina like poor pelvic muscle control, urinary leakage, pain during sexual intercourse, decreased sensation during sex, and vaginal prolapse.

Several women are born with congenital abnormalities i.e., issues that are present since birth. Such women can also undergo a vaginoplasty procedure.

Also known as lumpectomy, breast lump surgery is the procedure of removing the benign tumor from one or both breasts. Lumpectomy is often performed for small breast lumps. This technique preserves the breast tissues while removing the lump successfully. If multiple lumps of large size are present, then the doctor may opt for mastectomy in which all or most of the breast tissues are removed.

Breast reduction surgery, also known as reduction mammoplasty, is the procedure to remove extra fat, tissues, and skin from the breasts. It helps to get a proportionate size of the breasts and further alleviates the problems caused by excessively large breasts (macromastia).

A sebaceous cyst is a slow-growing, protein-filled lump that forms under the skin. Such a cyst originates from the sebaceous gland when it gets damaged. These glands are located on the entire body, except for the palm and soles of the feet. Thus, a sebaceous cyst can form anywhere on the body. While they are usually harmless, they can increase in size, get infected, or cause pain and discomfort. In rare cases, the cyst can also become malignant. Thus, people are advised to get the cyst removed properly.

While there are several methods available for sebaceous cyst treatment, the most effective method is surgical removal. Other methods primarily focus on improving the symptoms and providing relief, whereas surgical treatment involves removing the cyst contents along with the cyst wall.

Labiaplasty is a surgical procedure performed with the aim to alter the size of the labia minora, which are the inner folds of skin surrounding the urethra and vagina. This surgery is used to either decrease or increase the size of the labia to improve their appearance and address issues the respective woman is facing, such as physical discomfort or irritation.

The reason why women choose to undergo a labiaplasty surgery can differ from person to person. The reasons can be medical, physical, and cosmetic. When it comes to labiaplasty performed for medical purposes, it may be recommended if the size or shape of the labia causes discomfort or interferes with daily activities. For example, excessively large labia may lead to pain during sexual intercourse or while wearing certain types of clothing. In such cases, reducing the size of the labia can alleviate these issues.

Several women choose to undergo labiaplasty for physical or cosmetic reasons, such as to correct asymmetry or restore the labia after trauma or childbirth. In addition, some individuals may choose to undergo labiaplasty to improve the appearance of their genital area for personal preferences, etc.

An appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix, a small, finger-shaped pouch attached to the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen. It is commonly performed as an emergency treatment for appendicitis, which occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed or infected.

Appendectomy is the most effective and widely recommended appendicitis treatment, especially when there is a risk of rupture. The appendix does not serve a vital function in the body, so its removal does not cause any long-term health issues.

A hydrocelectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove or repair a hydrocele, a fluid-filled sac that forms around one or both testicles, causing swelling in the scrotum. While hydroceles are usually painless, they can lead to discomfort, heaviness, or embarrassment, especially if they grow large.

Hydrocelectomy is considered a safe and effective treatment option when the swelling becomes uncomfortable, doesn’t resolve on its own, or affects your day-to-day life. The procedure is commonly performed on adult men but can also be carried out in children, in such cases, it is referred to as a pediatric hydrocelectomy.